Posts in category Six Sigma


Six SigmaTerms

Capability Study

As mentioned in the course, there are two ways to make a bad part, or to make for an unhappy customer experience when dealing with continuous data. Either the process variation centering is off, or the dispersion (fatness, or slop in the process) is too wide. A capability study will tell you with two numbers represented by either Cp Cpk, or Pp Ppk whether your process is capable of meeting customer requirements in either the short term or the longer-term.

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Six SigmaTerms

Cause-Effect Diagram

A cause/effect diagram was first known by the name fishbone diagram because it looks like the skeleton of a fish. It was first made popular by Dr. Ishikawa back in the late 1970s and early 80s. Usually the cause/effect diagram is drawn on a large whiteboard or a large flipchart. The effect is usually written at the 3 o’clock position. A horizontal line divides the whiteboard into two equal parts.

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Six SigmaTerms

Charter

A project charter is a document that contains the basic elements (i.e., business case, problem statement, and scope) of the improvement project and answers the following questions:

1. The business case describes what the project does, how it impacts the strategic business objectives, is used as a motivational tool that describes why the project is worth doing, and it explains the consequences of not doing the project.

2. The problem statement is specific and measurable (quantifiable). It is an indication of how long the problem has existed, describes the impact to the organization, and describes the gap between the current state and the desired state.

3. The scope defines what the team is going to focus their process improvement efforts on, and it will identify those things that are out of scope so that the team doesn’t creep toward areas that are beyond the initial intent of the project.

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Six SigmaTerms

Confounding

Let’s start with what an alias is. An alias when employing the use of a designed experiments methodology is the pattern of pluses (+) and minuses (-) into columns are identical. For example, a main effect is aliased with a two-factor interaction. During the analysis, it is impossible to know whether a change is due to a main effect or due to an interaction since the columns are identical. Confounding is similar, but it doesn’t mean 100% overlap with the pattern of pluses and minuses in the columns. Perhaps the column might be 80 percent confounded, or 90 percent confounded. It would be better if there was no confounding as far as resolution is concerned.

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Six SigmaTerms

Continuous Data

Continuous data can be measured on a continuum. Think of it as being able to divide a measure by one half, and in half again, and in half again, – to infinity. Contrast continuous data with discrete/attribute data that is binary, or two-state — pass/fail, go/no go, good/bad, and so on.

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Six SigmaTerms

Check Sheet

Use: A common practice in quality assurance or even in six sigma is to count the number of defects found. One could keep track of the defect rate, and maybe even use an attribute chart to monitor, control, and continuously improve upon defect rates. But what is missing is where the defects are located. That is where the defect location check sheet comes in handy. Draw a picture of the product. Then, every time a defect is found, the operator or the inspector puts a mark on the drawing as to where they found the defect. So let’s say that there are a cluster of markings in the upper right-hand corner of the drawing. The six sigma team could look at that defect location check sheet and look up-stream in the process to see if they can identify what in the process is causing a defect to show up in the upper right-hand corner of the products. Again, much of six sigma in lean has to do with visualizing the sources of variation, waste, or defects.

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Six SigmaTerms

Chi-square Distribution

A chi-square test is a statistical tool used to test for independence or dependence (or goodness-of-fit) between random variables taken from different populations. A chi-square test could also be used for testing for goodness between an observed frequency distribution and an expected frequency distribution. With the chi-square test you are comparing a target variance with an observed variance. It is used to test the independence of two nominal variables. Remember that nominal variables are names or categories only.

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Six SigmaTerms

Common-Cause vs. Special-Cause

Common-cause variation is where no one, or combination of factors is unduly affected the process variation (random variation). Special-cause variation is when one or more factors are affecting the process variation in a non-random way. With special-cause variation, one should be able to identify, or put their finger on the reason behind the unexpected variation.

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Six SigmaTerms

Continuous Flow

Continuous flow is just that—the flow of value-add never stops. Ideally, a process would continue to add value without ever stopping during the production process.

Use: Lean practitioners should relentlessly strive for continuous flow through the reduction of waste. Any time a process stops, lead time is lengthened, the customer has to wait for the product or service, and it is costing more money than if the flow could be continuous in nature.

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Six SigmaTerms

Control Limits

Control limits are the limits of expected variation of either ‘individuals’ data or sample (subgroup) data. Typically, the acceptable limits of variation equates to what one would expect to see in a random process 99.73% of the time. One way that a six sigma practitioner can determine whether or not they have a ‘smoking gun’ – – meaning that they have unexpected variation, is if a point goes out of control on a control chart. This is to be viewed as an opportunity for improvement.

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